Ecoregion 8

Native plants of the Eastern Temperate Forests

Hardwood forest from the Atlantic to the edge of the prairie, southern Ontario and the Maritimes to central Florida and east Texas.

An ecoregion groups land by climate, soil and the plants and animals that live there, so its keystone plants are the same from one end to the other, whatever the hardiness zone. 435 plants in the field guide are native here; the 76 below carry most of the caterpillars and specialist bees.

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Keystone plants · 76

Keystone rankings follow the National Wildlife Federation's list for this region. Every date below moves with your zone.

American Plum (Prunus americana)

American Plum

Prunus americana

Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6b

Baldwin's Ironweed (Vernonia baldwinii)

Baldwin's Ironweed

Vernonia baldwinii

Zones 4a–8b · native to 15 states

Blooms Jul – Aug in zone 6b

Beach Plum (Prunus maritima)

Beach Plum

Prunus maritima

Zones 3a–9a · native to 10 states

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6b

Beach Sunflower (Helianthus debilis)

Beach Sunflower

Helianthus debilis

Zones 8a–11b · native to 8 states

Blooms May – Oct in zone 6b

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)

Black Cherry

Prunus serotina

Zones 3a–9a · native to 46 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6b

Black Oak (Quercus velutina)

Black Oak

Quercus velutina

Zones 4b–9a · native to 36 states and provinces

Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)

Black-Eyed Susan

Rudbeckia hirta

Zones 3a–9b · native to 50 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Oct in zone 6b

Boxelder (Acer negundo)

Boxelder

Acer negundo

Zones 2a–9b · native to 48 states and provinces

Broadleaf Ironweed (Vernonia glauca)

Broadleaf Ironweed

Vernonia glauca

Zones 5a–8b · native to 13 states

Blooms Jul – Aug in zone 6b

Brown-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia triloba)

Brown-eyed Susan

Rudbeckia triloba

Zones 3a–7b · native to 26 states

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 6b

Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa

Zones 3a–8b · native to 34 states and provinces

Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)

Calico Aster

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum

Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Oct in zone 6b

Campfire Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta 'Campfire')

Campfire Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia hirta 'Campfire'

Zones 3a–7b · native to 50 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Oct in zone 6b

Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana)

Chestnut Oak

Quercus montana

Zones 4b–8a · native to 23 states

Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolia)

Chickasaw Plum

Prunus angustifolia

Zones 5a–9b · native to 16 states

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 6b

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)

Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana

Zones 2a–7b · native to 55 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – May in zone 6b

Coastal Plain Willow (Salix caroliniana)

Coastal Plain Willow

Salix caroliniana

Zones 6a–10b · native to 23 states

Blooms Mar – May in zone 6b

Cowpen Daisy (Verbesina encelioides)

Cowpen Daisy

Verbesina encelioides

Zones 5a–10b · native to 26 states

Blooms May – Oct in zone 6b

Curlycup Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa)

Curlycup Gumweed

Grindelia squarrosa

Zones 3a–9a · native to 44 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 6b

Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Eastern White Pine

Pinus strobus

Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Elliott's Aster (Symphyotrichum elliottii)

Elliott's Aster

Symphyotrichum elliottii

Zones 8a–11b · native to 7 states

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6b

Escarpment Live Oak (Quercus fusiformis)

Escarpment Live Oak

Quercus fusiformis

Zones 7a–9b · native to 2 states

Frostweed (Verbesina virginica)

Frostweed

Verbesina virginica

Zones 6a–9b · native to 20 states

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6b

Giant Ironweed (Vernonia gigantea)

Giant Ironweed

Vernonia gigantea

Zones 5a–9b · native to 35 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6b

Giant Sunflower (Helianthus giganteus)

Giant Sunflower

Helianthus giganteus

Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6b

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)

Goldenrod

Solidago canadensis

Zones 3a–9a · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Oct in zone 6b

Gray Birch (Betula populifolia)

Gray Birch

Betula populifolia

Zones 3a–6b · native to 19 states and provinces

Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)

Highbush Blueberry

Vaccinium corymbosum

Zones 4a–7b · native to 34 states and provinces

Blooms May – Jul in zone 6b

Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana)

Jack Pine

Pinus banksiana

Zones 2a–6a · native to 25 states and provinces

Leavenworth's Tickseed (Coreopsis leavenworthii)

Leavenworth's Tickseed

Coreopsis leavenworthii

Zones 8a–11b

Blooms Apr – Oct in zone 6b

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)

Loblolly Pine

Pinus taeda

Zones 6a–9a · native to 15 states

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)

Longleaf Pine

Pinus palustris

Zones 7a–9b · native to 9 states

Maryland Golden-aster (Chrysopsis mariana)

Maryland Golden-aster

Chrysopsis mariana

Zones 5a–9a · native to 18 states

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6b

Missouri Ironweed (Vernonia missurica)

Missouri Ironweed

Vernonia missurica

Zones 4a–8b · native to 14 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Aug in zone 6b

New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)

New England Aster

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

Zones 3a–8b · native to 44 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Oct in zone 6b

New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)

New York Ironweed

Vernonia noveboracensis

Zones 5a–9a · native to 20 states

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6b

Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra)

Northern Red Oak

Quercus rubra

Zones 3b–8a · native to 38 states and provinces

Orange Coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida)

Orange Coneflower

Rudbeckia fulgida

Zones 4a–9a · native to 26 states

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 6b

Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata)

Overcup Oak

Quercus lyrata

Zones 5b–9b · native to 19 states

Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)

Paper Birch

Betula papyrifera

Zones 2a–7a · native to 32 states and provinces

Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanica)

Pin Cherry

Prunus pensylvanica

Zones 2a–6b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – May in zone 6b

Pin Oak (Quercus palustris)

Pin Oak

Quercus palustris

Zones 4b–8b · native to 29 states and provinces

Pink Tickseed (Coreopsis rosea)

Pink Tickseed

Coreopsis rosea

Zones 4a–9b · native to 13 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 6b

Post Oak (Quercus stellata)

Post Oak

Quercus stellata

Zones 5b–9a · native to 29 states

Prairie Crabapple (Malus ioensis)

Prairie Crabapple

Malus ioensis

Zones 3b–8a · native to 11 states

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6b

Prairie Ironweed (Vernonia fasciculata)

Prairie Ironweed

Vernonia fasciculata

Zones 3a–8b · native to 19 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Aug in zone 6b

Prairie Willow (Salix humilis)

Prairie Willow

Salix humilis

Zones 2a–8b · native to 45 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 6b

Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Quaking Aspen

Populus tremuloides

Zones 2a–6b · native to 49 states and provinces

Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Red Maple

Acer rubrum

Zones 3a–9b · native to 40 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 6b

Red Pine (Pinus resinosa)

Red Pine

Pinus resinosa

Zones 2b–6b · native to 21 states and provinces

River Birch (Betula nigra)

River Birch

Betula nigra

Zones 4a–9a · native to 27 states

Sandbar Willow (Salix interior)

Sandbar Willow

Salix interior

Zones 2a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 6b

Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea)

Scarlet Oak

Quercus coccinea

Zones 4b–9a · native to 27 states

Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens)

Seaside Goldenrod

Solidago sempervirens

Zones 4a–10b · native to 23 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Oct in zone 6b

Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata)

Shagbark Hickory

Carya ovata

Zones 4a–8b · native to 36 states and provinces

Shiny Blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites)

Shiny Blueberry

Vaccinium myrsinites

Zones 8a–10b · native to 4 states

Blooms Mar – May in zone 6b

Shumard Oak (Quercus shumardii)

Shumard Oak

Quercus shumardii

Zones 5b–9b · native to 24 states and provinces

Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum)

Silver Maple

Acer saccharinum

Zones 3a–9a · native to 40 states and provinces

Sky Blue Aster (Symphyotrichum oolentangiense)

Sky Blue Aster

Symphyotrichum oolentangiense

Zones 3a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Nov in zone 6b

Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii)

Slash Pine

Pinus elliottii

Zones 8a–10b · native to 6 states

Smooth Violet Prairie Aster (Symphyotrichum turbinellum)

Smooth Violet Prairie Aster

Symphyotrichum turbinellum

Zones 4a–8b · native to 8 states

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6b

Southern Crabapple (Malus angustifolia)

Southern Crabapple

Malus angustifolia

Zones 5b–9a · native to 12 states

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6b

Southern Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)

Southern Live Oak

Quercus virginiana

Zones 7b–10b · native to 9 states

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

Sugar Maple

Acer saccharum

Zones 3a–8a · native to 42 states and provinces

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Sunflower

Helianthus annuus

Zones 2a–11b · native to 22 states

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 6b

Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor)

Swamp White Oak

Quercus bicolor

Zones 4a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Sweet Birch (Betula lenta)

Sweet Birch

Betula lenta

Zones 4a–7b · native to 21 states and provinces

Sweet Crabapple (Malus coronaria)

Sweet Crabapple

Malus coronaria

Zones 4a–8a · native to 23 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6b

Tall Tickseed (Coreopsis tripteris)

Tall Tickseed

Coreopsis tripteris

Zones 4a–9b · native to 28 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Nov in zone 6b

Tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata)

Tickseed

Coreopsis lanceolata

Zones 3a–9b · native to 38 states and provinces

Blooms May – Sep in zone 6b

White Oak (Quercus alba)

White Oak

Quercus alba

Zones 3b–8b · native to 38 states and provinces

Wild Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)

Wild Aster

Symphyotrichum pilosum

Zones 4a–8b · native to 40 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6b

Willow Oak (Quercus phellos)

Willow Oak

Quercus phellos

Zones 6a–9b · native to 20 states

Willowleaf Sunflower (Helianthus salicifolius)

Willowleaf Sunflower

Helianthus salicifolius

Zones 4a–9b · native to 6 states

Blooms Jul – Oct in zone 6b

Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia)

Wingstem

Verbesina alternifolia

Zones 4a–8b · native to 31 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Aug in zone 6b

Wreath Goldenrod (Solidago caesia)

Wreath Goldenrod

Solidago caesia

Zones 4a–8b · native to 36 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6b

The Keystone Web

How this region's plants, caterpillars, bees, fungi and birds hold together. Pick a species to pull its thread, or add plants to see what your garden would carry.

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The Keystone WebEastern Temperate Forests

Birds & mammals it feeds3

Caterpillars & bees it hosts0

Very few caterpillars use it
Below ground · 11 fungi
Chapter 1 · The plants

Not every native pulls the same weight.

In the Eastern Temperate Forests, 8 of these 10 plants are keystones: the native genera that feed the most caterpillars and specialist bees. The rest are good plants. These are load-bearing ones.

14%of native plant genera host about 90% of caterpillar species.
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Keystone rankings from the National Wildlife Federation, based on caterpillar host research by Doug Tallamy's lab at the University of Delaware (Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire, 2020) and specialist-bee research by Jarrod Fowler. Ecoregion boundaries: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Level I.