Ecoregion 9

Native plants of the Great Plains

Prairie from the Canadian Prairies to the Texas Gulf coast, with trees mostly along the rivers.

An ecoregion groups land by climate, soil and the plants and animals that live there, so its keystone plants are the same from one end to the other, whatever the hardiness zone. 356 plants in the field guide are native here; the 58 below carry most of the caterpillars and specialist bees.

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Keystone plants · 58

Keystone rankings follow the National Wildlife Federation's list for this region. Every date below moves with your zone.

Alaska Paper Birch (Betula neoalaskana)

Alaska Paper Birch

Betula neoalaskana

Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

American Plum (Prunus americana)

American Plum

Prunus americana

Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

Beach Sunflower (Helianthus debilis)

Beach Sunflower

Helianthus debilis

Zones 8a–11b · native to 8 states

Blooms Apr – Nov in zone 8b

Bigtooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum)

Bigtooth Maple

Acer grandidentatum

Zones 4a–8b · native to 8 states

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)

Black Cherry

Prunus serotina

Zones 3a–9a · native to 46 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Black Oak (Quercus velutina)

Black Oak

Quercus velutina

Zones 4b–9a · native to 36 states and provinces

Boxelder (Acer negundo)

Boxelder

Acer negundo

Zones 2a–9b · native to 48 states and provinces

Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae)

Broom Snakeweed

Gutierrezia sarothrae

Zones 4a–9b · native to 21 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa

Zones 3a–8b · native to 34 states and provinces

Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)

Calico Aster

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum

Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 8b

Camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris)

Camphorweed

Heterotheca subaxillaris

Zones 6a–10b · native to 31 states

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolia)

Chickasaw Plum

Prunus angustifolia

Zones 5a–9b · native to 16 states

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)

Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana

Zones 2a–7b · native to 55 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Coastal Plain Willow (Salix caroliniana)

Coastal Plain Willow

Salix caroliniana

Zones 6a–10b · native to 23 states

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Colorado Pinyon (Pinus edulis)

Colorado Pinyon

Pinus edulis

Zones 4b–8a · native to 8 states

Curlycup Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa)

Curlycup Gumweed

Grindelia squarrosa

Zones 3a–9a · native to 44 states and provinces

Blooms May – Jul in zone 8b

Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Eastern White Pine

Pinus strobus

Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Escarpment Live Oak (Quercus fusiformis)

Escarpment Live Oak

Quercus fusiformis

Zones 7a–9b · native to 2 states

Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii)

Gambel Oak

Quercus gambelii

Zones 4a–8a · native to 9 states

Giant Sunflower (Helianthus giganteus)

Giant Sunflower

Helianthus giganteus

Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)

Goldenrod

Solidago canadensis

Zones 3a–9a · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Nov in zone 8b

Goodding's Willow (Salix gooddingii)

Goodding's Willow

Salix gooddingii

Zones 6a–10b · native to 8 states

Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 8b

Hairy False Goldenaster (Heterotheca villosa)

Hairy False Goldenaster

Heterotheca villosa

Zones 4a–9a · native to 20 states and provinces

Blooms May – Jul in zone 8b

Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana)

Jack Pine

Pinus banksiana

Zones 2a–6a · native to 25 states and provinces

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)

Loblolly Pine

Pinus taeda

Zones 6a–9a · native to 15 states

New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)

New England Aster

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

Zones 3a–8b · native to 44 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Sep in zone 8b

Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra)

Northern Red Oak

Quercus rubra

Zones 3b–8a · native to 38 states and provinces

Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata)

Overcup Oak

Quercus lyrata

Zones 5b–9b · native to 19 states

Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)

Paper Birch

Betula papyrifera

Zones 2a–7a · native to 32 states and provinces

Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanica)

Pin Cherry

Prunus pensylvanica

Zones 2a–6b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 8b

Pin Oak (Quercus palustris)

Pin Oak

Quercus palustris

Zones 4b–8b · native to 29 states and provinces

Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa)

Ponderosa Pine

Pinus ponderosa

Zones 3b–7b · native to 17 states and provinces

Post Oak (Quercus stellata)

Post Oak

Quercus stellata

Zones 5b–9a · native to 29 states

Prairie Crabapple (Malus ioensis)

Prairie Crabapple

Malus ioensis

Zones 3b–8a · native to 11 states

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Prairie Willow (Salix humilis)

Prairie Willow

Salix humilis

Zones 2a–8b · native to 45 states and provinces

Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 8b

Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Quaking Aspen

Populus tremuloides

Zones 2a–6b · native to 49 states and provinces

Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Red Maple

Acer rubrum

Zones 3a–9b · native to 40 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

River Birch (Betula nigra)

River Birch

Betula nigra

Zones 4a–9a · native to 27 states

Rubber Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa)

Rubber Rabbitbrush

Ericameria nauseosa

Zones 4a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Sep in zone 8b

Sandbar Willow (Salix interior)

Sandbar Willow

Salix interior

Zones 2a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata)

Shagbark Hickory

Carya ovata

Zones 4a–8b · native to 36 states and provinces

Shumard Oak (Quercus shumardii)

Shumard Oak

Quercus shumardii

Zones 5b–9b · native to 24 states and provinces

Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum)

Silver Maple

Acer saccharinum

Zones 3a–9a · native to 40 states and provinces

Sky Blue Aster (Symphyotrichum oolentangiense)

Sky Blue Aster

Symphyotrichum oolentangiense

Zones 3a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 8b

Smooth Violet Prairie Aster (Symphyotrichum turbinellum)

Smooth Violet Prairie Aster

Symphyotrichum turbinellum

Zones 4a–8b · native to 8 states

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 8b

Southern Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)

Southern Live Oak

Quercus virginiana

Zones 7b–10b · native to 9 states

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

Sugar Maple

Acer saccharum

Zones 3a–8a · native to 42 states and provinces

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Sunflower

Helianthus annuus

Zones 2a–11b · native to 22 states

Blooms May – Aug in zone 8b

Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor)

Swamp White Oak

Quercus bicolor

Zones 4a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Sweet Crabapple (Malus coronaria)

Sweet Crabapple

Malus coronaria

Zones 4a–8a · native to 23 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Texas Red Oak (Quercus buckleyi)

Texas Red Oak

Quercus buckleyi

Zones 6a–9b · native to 2 states

Velvety Goldenrod (Solidago velutina)

Velvety Goldenrod

Solidago velutina

Zones 4a–9b · native to 10 states

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Water Birch (Betula occidentalis)

Water Birch

Betula occidentalis

Zones 3a–7b · native to 22 states and provinces

White Oak (Quercus alba)

White Oak

Quercus alba

Zones 3b–8b · native to 38 states and provinces

Wild Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)

Wild Aster

Symphyotrichum pilosum

Zones 4a–8b · native to 40 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Oct in zone 8b

Willow Oak (Quercus phellos)

Willow Oak

Quercus phellos

Zones 6a–9b · native to 20 states

Willowleaf Sunflower (Helianthus salicifolius)

Willowleaf Sunflower

Helianthus salicifolius

Zones 4a–9b · native to 6 states

Blooms Jul – Nov in zone 8b

Yellow Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus)

Yellow Rabbitbrush

Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus

Zones 4a–8b · native to 14 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

The Keystone Web

How this region's plants, caterpillars, bees, fungi and birds hold together. Pick a species to pull its thread, or add plants to see what your garden would carry.

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The Keystone WebGreat Plains

Birds & mammals it feeds3

Caterpillars & bees it hosts0

Very few caterpillars use it
Below ground · 8 fungi
Chapter 1 · The plants

Not every native pulls the same weight.

In the Great Plains, 8 of these 10 plants are keystones: the native genera that feed the most caterpillars and specialist bees. The rest are good plants. These are load-bearing ones.

14%of native plant genera host about 90% of caterpillar species.
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Keystone rankings from the National Wildlife Federation, based on caterpillar host research by Doug Tallamy's lab at the University of Delaware (Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire, 2020) and specialist-bee research by Jarrod Fowler. Ecoregion boundaries: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Level I.