Native plants of the Great Plains
Prairie from the Canadian Prairies to the Texas Gulf coast, with trees mostly along the rivers.
An ecoregion groups land by climate, soil and the plants and animals that live there, so its keystone plants are the same from one end to the other, whatever the hardiness zone. 356 plants in the field guide are native here; the 58 below carry most of the caterpillars and specialist bees.
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Keystone plants · 58
Keystone rankings follow the National Wildlife Federation's list for this region. Every date below moves with your zone.

Alaska Paper Birch
Betula neoalaskana
Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

American Plum
Prunus americana
Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

Beach Sunflower
Helianthus debilis
Zones 8a–11b · native to 8 states
Blooms Apr – Nov in zone 8b

Bigtooth Maple
Acer grandidentatum
Zones 4a–8b · native to 8 states

Black Cherry
Prunus serotina
Zones 3a–9a · native to 46 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Black Oak
Quercus velutina
Zones 4b–9a · native to 36 states and provinces

Boxelder
Acer negundo
Zones 2a–9b · native to 48 states and provinces

Broom Snakeweed
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Zones 4a–9b · native to 21 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Bur Oak
Quercus macrocarpa
Zones 3a–8b · native to 34 states and provinces

Calico Aster
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum
Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 8b

Camphorweed
Heterotheca subaxillaris
Zones 6a–10b · native to 31 states
Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Chickasaw Plum
Prunus angustifolia
Zones 5a–9b · native to 16 states
Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana
Zones 2a–7b · native to 55 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Coastal Plain Willow
Salix caroliniana
Zones 6a–10b · native to 23 states
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Colorado Pinyon
Pinus edulis
Zones 4b–8a · native to 8 states

Curlycup Gumweed
Grindelia squarrosa
Zones 3a–9a · native to 44 states and provinces
Blooms May – Jul in zone 8b

Eastern White Pine
Pinus strobus
Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Escarpment Live Oak
Quercus fusiformis
Zones 7a–9b · native to 2 states

Gambel Oak
Quercus gambelii
Zones 4a–8a · native to 9 states

Giant Sunflower
Helianthus giganteus
Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Goldenrod
Solidago canadensis
Zones 3a–9a · native to 57 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Nov in zone 8b

Goodding's Willow
Salix gooddingii
Zones 6a–10b · native to 8 states
Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 8b

Hairy False Goldenaster
Heterotheca villosa
Zones 4a–9a · native to 20 states and provinces
Blooms May – Jul in zone 8b

Jack Pine
Pinus banksiana
Zones 2a–6a · native to 25 states and provinces

Loblolly Pine
Pinus taeda
Zones 6a–9a · native to 15 states

New England Aster
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Zones 3a–8b · native to 44 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Sep in zone 8b

Northern Red Oak
Quercus rubra
Zones 3b–8a · native to 38 states and provinces

Overcup Oak
Quercus lyrata
Zones 5b–9b · native to 19 states

Paper Birch
Betula papyrifera
Zones 2a–7a · native to 32 states and provinces

Pin Cherry
Prunus pensylvanica
Zones 2a–6b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 8b

Pin Oak
Quercus palustris
Zones 4b–8b · native to 29 states and provinces

Ponderosa Pine
Pinus ponderosa
Zones 3b–7b · native to 17 states and provinces

Post Oak
Quercus stellata
Zones 5b–9a · native to 29 states

Prairie Crabapple
Malus ioensis
Zones 3b–8a · native to 11 states
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Prairie Willow
Salix humilis
Zones 2a–8b · native to 45 states and provinces
Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 8b

Quaking Aspen
Populus tremuloides
Zones 2a–6b · native to 49 states and provinces

Red Maple
Acer rubrum
Zones 3a–9b · native to 40 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

River Birch
Betula nigra
Zones 4a–9a · native to 27 states

Rubber Rabbitbrush
Ericameria nauseosa
Zones 4a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Sep in zone 8b

Sandbar Willow
Salix interior
Zones 2a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 8b

Shagbark Hickory
Carya ovata
Zones 4a–8b · native to 36 states and provinces

Shumard Oak
Quercus shumardii
Zones 5b–9b · native to 24 states and provinces

Silver Maple
Acer saccharinum
Zones 3a–9a · native to 40 states and provinces

Sky Blue Aster
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense
Zones 3a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 8b

Smooth Violet Prairie Aster
Symphyotrichum turbinellum
Zones 4a–8b · native to 8 states
Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 8b

Southern Live Oak
Quercus virginiana
Zones 7b–10b · native to 9 states

Sugar Maple
Acer saccharum
Zones 3a–8a · native to 42 states and provinces

Sunflower
Helianthus annuus
Zones 2a–11b · native to 22 states
Blooms May – Aug in zone 8b

Swamp White Oak
Quercus bicolor
Zones 4a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Sweet Crabapple
Malus coronaria
Zones 4a–8a · native to 23 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 8b

Texas Red Oak
Quercus buckleyi
Zones 6a–9b · native to 2 states

Velvety Goldenrod
Solidago velutina
Zones 4a–9b · native to 10 states
Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b

Water Birch
Betula occidentalis
Zones 3a–7b · native to 22 states and provinces

White Oak
Quercus alba
Zones 3b–8b · native to 38 states and provinces

Wild Aster
Symphyotrichum pilosum
Zones 4a–8b · native to 40 states and provinces
Blooms Jul – Oct in zone 8b

Willow Oak
Quercus phellos
Zones 6a–9b · native to 20 states

Willowleaf Sunflower
Helianthus salicifolius
Zones 4a–9b · native to 6 states
Blooms Jul – Nov in zone 8b

Yellow Rabbitbrush
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Zones 4a–8b · native to 14 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 8b
The Keystone Web
How this region's plants, caterpillars, bees, fungi and birds hold together. Pick a species to pull its thread, or add plants to see what your garden would carry.
Birds & mammals it feeds3
Caterpillars & bees it hosts0
Not every native pulls the same weight.
In the Great Plains, 8 of these 10 plants are keystones: the native genera that feed the most caterpillars and specialist bees. The rest are good plants. These are load-bearing ones.
Insects that depend on them
Keystone rankings from the National Wildlife Federation, based on caterpillar host research by Doug Tallamy's lab at the University of Delaware (Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire, 2020) and specialist-bee research by Jarrod Fowler. Ecoregion boundaries: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Level I.