Ecoregion 6

Native plants of the Northwestern Forested Mountains

The Rockies, Cascades and Sierra Nevada: conifer forest broken by mountain meadows.

An ecoregion groups land by climate, soil and the plants and animals that live there, so its keystone plants are the same from one end to the other, whatever the hardiness zone. 249 plants in the field guide are native here; the 45 below carry most of the caterpillars and specialist bees.

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Keystone plants · 45

Keystone rankings follow the National Wildlife Federation's list for this region. Every date below moves with your zone.

Alaska Paper Birch (Betula neoalaskana)

Alaska Paper Birch

Betula neoalaskana

Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

American Plum (Prunus americana)

American Plum

Prunus americana

Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Jan – Feb in zone 9b

Arrowleaf Ragwort (Senecio triangularis)

Arrowleaf Ragwort

Senecio triangularis

Zones 4a–8b · native to 16 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – Jun in zone 9b

Arroyo Willow (Salix lasiolepis)

Arroyo Willow

Salix lasiolepis

Zones 6a–10b · native to 9 states

Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 9b

Aspen Fleabane (Erigeron speciosus)

Aspen Fleabane

Erigeron speciosus

Zones 3a–8b · native to 14 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – May in zone 9b

Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)

Bigleaf Maple

Acer macrophyllum

Zones 6a–9a · native to 4 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 9b

Bigtooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum)

Bigtooth Maple

Acer grandidentatum

Zones 4a–8b · native to 8 states

Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii)

Blue Oak

Quercus douglasii

Zones 7a–10a

Bog Blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum)

Bog Blueberry

Vaccinium uliginosum

Zones 2a–6b · native to 26 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 9b

Boxelder (Acer negundo)

Boxelder

Acer negundo

Zones 2a–9b · native to 48 states and provinces

Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae)

Broom Snakeweed

Gutierrezia sarothrae

Zones 4a–9b · native to 21 states and provinces

Blooms May – Jul in zone 9b

Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa

Zones 3a–8b · native to 34 states and provinces

California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii)

California Black Oak

Quercus kelloggii

Zones 7a–9b · native to 2 states

Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis)

Canyon Live Oak

Quercus chrysolepis

Zones 7a–9b · native to 6 states

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)

Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana

Zones 2a–7b · native to 55 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 9b

Coastal Gumweed (Grindelia stricta)

Coastal Gumweed

Grindelia stricta

Zones 7a–10b · native to 4 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – Aug in zone 9b

Colorado Pinyon (Pinus edulis)

Colorado Pinyon

Pinus edulis

Zones 4b–8a · native to 8 states

Curlycup Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa)

Curlycup Gumweed

Grindelia squarrosa

Zones 3a–9a · native to 44 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – Jun in zone 9b

Douglas Aster (Symphyotrichum subspicatum)

Douglas Aster

Symphyotrichum subspicatum

Zones 5a–9b · native to 10 states and provinces

Blooms May – Aug in zone 9b

Evergreen Huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum)

Evergreen Huckleberry

Vaccinium ovatum

Zones 7a–9b · native to 4 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 9b

Feltleaf Willow (Salix alaxensis)

Feltleaf Willow

Salix alaxensis

Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)

Fremont Cottonwood

Populus fremontii

Zones 5a–9b · native to 7 states

Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii)

Gambel Oak

Quercus gambelii

Zones 4a–8a · native to 9 states

Geyer Willow (Salix geyeriana)

Geyer Willow

Salix geyeriana

Zones 3a–7b · native to 11 states and provinces

Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 9b

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)

Goldenrod

Solidago canadensis

Zones 3a–9a · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms May – Dec in zone 9b

Gray Alder (Alnus incana)

Gray Alder

Alnus incana

Zones 3a–6b · native to 44 states and provinces

Hairy False Goldenaster (Heterotheca villosa)

Hairy False Goldenaster

Heterotheca villosa

Zones 4a–9a · native to 20 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – Jun in zone 9b

Interior Live Oak (Quercus wislizeni)

Interior Live Oak

Quercus wislizeni

Zones 7b–10a

Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)

Lodgepole Pine

Pinus contorta

Zones 4a–7b · native to 14 states and provinces

Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana)

Oregon White Oak

Quercus garryana

Zones 6a–9b · native to 4 states and provinces

Pacific Crabapple (Malus fusca)

Pacific Crabapple

Malus fusca

Zones 5a–9b · native to 5 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Mar in zone 9b

Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)

Paper Birch

Betula papyrifera

Zones 2a–7a · native to 32 states and provinces

Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanica)

Pin Cherry

Prunus pensylvanica

Zones 2a–6b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 9b

Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa)

Ponderosa Pine

Pinus ponderosa

Zones 3b–7b · native to 17 states and provinces

Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Quaking Aspen

Populus tremuloides

Zones 2a–6b · native to 49 states and provinces

Red Alder (Alnus rubra)

Red Alder

Alnus rubra

Zones 6a–9b · native to 7 states and provinces

Rubber Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa)

Rubber Rabbitbrush

Ericameria nauseosa

Zones 4a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces

Blooms May – Aug in zone 9b

Sandbar Willow (Salix interior)

Sandbar Willow

Salix interior

Zones 2a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Jan – Feb in zone 9b

Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana)

Sugar Pine

Pinus lambertiana

Zones 6a–8b · native to 3 states

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Sunflower

Helianthus annuus

Zones 2a–11b · native to 22 states

Blooms Apr – Jul in zone 9b

Valley Oak (Quercus lobata)

Valley Oak

Quercus lobata

Zones 7a–10b

Velvety Goldenrod (Solidago velutina)

Velvety Goldenrod

Solidago velutina

Zones 4a–9b · native to 10 states

Blooms May – Aug in zone 9b

Vine Maple (Acer circinatum)

Vine Maple

Acer circinatum

Zones 5a–9b · native to 4 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 9b

Water Birch (Betula occidentalis)

Water Birch

Betula occidentalis

Zones 3a–7b · native to 22 states and provinces

Yellow Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus)

Yellow Rabbitbrush

Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus

Zones 4a–8b · native to 14 states and provinces

Blooms May – Jul in zone 9b

The Keystone Web

How this region's plants, caterpillars, bees, fungi and birds hold together. Pick a species to pull its thread, or add plants to see what your garden would carry.

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The Keystone WebNW Mountains

Birds & mammals it feeds4

Caterpillars & bees it hosts0

Very few caterpillars use it
Below ground · 7 fungi
Chapter 1 · The plants

Not every native pulls the same weight.

In the Northwestern Forested Mountains, 8 of these 10 plants are keystones: the native genera that feed the most caterpillars and specialist bees. The rest are good plants. These are load-bearing ones.

14%of native plant genera host about 90% of caterpillar species.
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Keystone rankings from the National Wildlife Federation, based on caterpillar host research by Doug Tallamy's lab at the University of Delaware (Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire, 2020) and specialist-bee research by Jarrod Fowler. Ecoregion boundaries: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Level I.