Native plants of the Northwestern Forested Mountains
The Rockies, Cascades and Sierra Nevada: conifer forest broken by mountain meadows.
An ecoregion groups land by climate, soil and the plants and animals that live there, so its keystone plants are the same from one end to the other, whatever the hardiness zone. 249 plants in the field guide are native here; the 45 below carry most of the caterpillars and specialist bees.
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Keystone plants · 45
Keystone rankings follow the National Wildlife Federation's list for this region. Every date below moves with your zone.

Alaska Paper Birch
Betula neoalaskana
Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

American Plum
Prunus americana
Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Jan – Feb in zone 9b

Arrowleaf Ragwort
Senecio triangularis
Zones 4a–8b · native to 16 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – Jun in zone 9b

Arroyo Willow
Salix lasiolepis
Zones 6a–10b · native to 9 states
Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 9b

Aspen Fleabane
Erigeron speciosus
Zones 3a–8b · native to 14 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – May in zone 9b

Bigleaf Maple
Acer macrophyllum
Zones 6a–9a · native to 4 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 9b

Bigtooth Maple
Acer grandidentatum
Zones 4a–8b · native to 8 states

Blue Oak
Quercus douglasii
Zones 7a–10a

Bog Blueberry
Vaccinium uliginosum
Zones 2a–6b · native to 26 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 9b

Boxelder
Acer negundo
Zones 2a–9b · native to 48 states and provinces

Broom Snakeweed
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Zones 4a–9b · native to 21 states and provinces
Blooms May – Jul in zone 9b

Bur Oak
Quercus macrocarpa
Zones 3a–8b · native to 34 states and provinces

California Black Oak
Quercus kelloggii
Zones 7a–9b · native to 2 states

Canyon Live Oak
Quercus chrysolepis
Zones 7a–9b · native to 6 states

Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana
Zones 2a–7b · native to 55 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 9b

Coastal Gumweed
Grindelia stricta
Zones 7a–10b · native to 4 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – Aug in zone 9b

Colorado Pinyon
Pinus edulis
Zones 4b–8a · native to 8 states

Curlycup Gumweed
Grindelia squarrosa
Zones 3a–9a · native to 44 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – Jun in zone 9b

Douglas Aster
Symphyotrichum subspicatum
Zones 5a–9b · native to 10 states and provinces
Blooms May – Aug in zone 9b

Evergreen Huckleberry
Vaccinium ovatum
Zones 7a–9b · native to 4 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 9b

Feltleaf Willow
Salix alaxensis
Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

Fremont Cottonwood
Populus fremontii
Zones 5a–9b · native to 7 states

Gambel Oak
Quercus gambelii
Zones 4a–8a · native to 9 states

Geyer Willow
Salix geyeriana
Zones 3a–7b · native to 11 states and provinces
Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 9b

Goldenrod
Solidago canadensis
Zones 3a–9a · native to 57 states and provinces
Blooms May – Dec in zone 9b

Gray Alder
Alnus incana
Zones 3a–6b · native to 44 states and provinces

Hairy False Goldenaster
Heterotheca villosa
Zones 4a–9a · native to 20 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – Jun in zone 9b

Interior Live Oak
Quercus wislizeni
Zones 7b–10a

Lodgepole Pine
Pinus contorta
Zones 4a–7b · native to 14 states and provinces

Oregon White Oak
Quercus garryana
Zones 6a–9b · native to 4 states and provinces

Pacific Crabapple
Malus fusca
Zones 5a–9b · native to 5 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Mar in zone 9b

Paper Birch
Betula papyrifera
Zones 2a–7a · native to 32 states and provinces

Pin Cherry
Prunus pensylvanica
Zones 2a–6b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Jan – Mar in zone 9b

Ponderosa Pine
Pinus ponderosa
Zones 3b–7b · native to 17 states and provinces

Quaking Aspen
Populus tremuloides
Zones 2a–6b · native to 49 states and provinces

Red Alder
Alnus rubra
Zones 6a–9b · native to 7 states and provinces

Rubber Rabbitbrush
Ericameria nauseosa
Zones 4a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces
Blooms May – Aug in zone 9b

Sandbar Willow
Salix interior
Zones 2a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces
Blooms Jan – Feb in zone 9b

Sugar Pine
Pinus lambertiana
Zones 6a–8b · native to 3 states

Sunflower
Helianthus annuus
Zones 2a–11b · native to 22 states
Blooms Apr – Jul in zone 9b

Valley Oak
Quercus lobata
Zones 7a–10b

Velvety Goldenrod
Solidago velutina
Zones 4a–9b · native to 10 states
Blooms May – Aug in zone 9b

Vine Maple
Acer circinatum
Zones 5a–9b · native to 4 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Mar in zone 9b

Water Birch
Betula occidentalis
Zones 3a–7b · native to 22 states and provinces

Yellow Rabbitbrush
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Zones 4a–8b · native to 14 states and provinces
Blooms May – Jul in zone 9b
The Keystone Web
How this region's plants, caterpillars, bees, fungi and birds hold together. Pick a species to pull its thread, or add plants to see what your garden would carry.
Birds & mammals it feeds4
Caterpillars & bees it hosts0
Not every native pulls the same weight.
In the Northwestern Forested Mountains, 8 of these 10 plants are keystones: the native genera that feed the most caterpillars and specialist bees. The rest are good plants. These are load-bearing ones.
Insects that depend on them
Keystone rankings from the National Wildlife Federation, based on caterpillar host research by Doug Tallamy's lab at the University of Delaware (Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire, 2020) and specialist-bee research by Jarrod Fowler. Ecoregion boundaries: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Level I.