Ecoregion 5

Native plants of the Northern Forests

Spruce, fir, birch and aspen woods of the upper Great Lakes and northern New England, running north into Canada.

An ecoregion groups land by climate, soil and the plants and animals that live there, so its keystone plants are the same from one end to the other, whatever the hardiness zone. 279 plants in the field guide are native here; the 48 below carry most of the caterpillars and specialist bees.

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Keystone plants · 48

Keystone rankings follow the National Wildlife Federation's list for this region. Every date below moves with your zone.

Alaska Paper Birch (Betula neoalaskana)

Alaska Paper Birch

Betula neoalaskana

Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

American Plum (Prunus americana)

American Plum

Prunus americana

Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6a

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)

Black Cherry

Prunus serotina

Zones 3a–9a · native to 46 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Black Oak (Quercus velutina)

Black Oak

Quercus velutina

Zones 4b–9a · native to 36 states and provinces

Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)

Black-Eyed Susan

Rudbeckia hirta

Zones 3a–9b · native to 50 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Oct in zone 6a

Bog Blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum)

Bog Blueberry

Vaccinium uliginosum

Zones 2a–6b · native to 26 states and provinces

Blooms May – Jun in zone 6a

Boxelder (Acer negundo)

Boxelder

Acer negundo

Zones 2a–9b · native to 48 states and provinces

Brown-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia triloba)

Brown-eyed Susan

Rudbeckia triloba

Zones 3a–7b · native to 26 states

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6a

Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa

Zones 3a–8b · native to 34 states and provinces

Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)

Calico Aster

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum

Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Campfire Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta 'Campfire')

Campfire Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia hirta 'Campfire'

Zones 3a–7b · native to 50 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Oct in zone 6a

Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana)

Chestnut Oak

Quercus montana

Zones 4b–8a · native to 23 states

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)

Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana

Zones 2a–7b · native to 55 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Curlycup Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa)

Curlycup Gumweed

Grindelia squarrosa

Zones 3a–9a · native to 44 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 6a

Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Eastern White Pine

Pinus strobus

Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor)

Field Thistle

Cirsium discolor

Zones 3a–8b · native to 37 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Giant Sunflower (Helianthus giganteus)

Giant Sunflower

Helianthus giganteus

Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)

Goldenrod

Solidago canadensis

Zones 3a–9a · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Gray Alder (Alnus incana)

Gray Alder

Alnus incana

Zones 3a–6b · native to 44 states and provinces

Gray Birch (Betula populifolia)

Gray Birch

Betula populifolia

Zones 3a–6b · native to 19 states and provinces

Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)

Highbush Blueberry

Vaccinium corymbosum

Zones 4a–7b · native to 34 states and provinces

Blooms May – Aug in zone 6a

Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana)

Jack Pine

Pinus banksiana

Zones 2a–6a · native to 25 states and provinces

Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)

Lodgepole Pine

Pinus contorta

Zones 4a–7b · native to 14 states and provinces

New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)

New England Aster

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

Zones 3a–8b · native to 44 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Nodding Bur Marigold (Bidens cernua)

Nodding Bur Marigold

Bidens cernua

Zones 3a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6a

Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra)

Northern Red Oak

Quercus rubra

Zones 3b–8a · native to 38 states and provinces

Orange Coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida)

Orange Coneflower

Rudbeckia fulgida

Zones 4a–9a · native to 26 states

Blooms Jul – Aug in zone 6a

Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)

Paper Birch

Betula papyrifera

Zones 2a–7a · native to 32 states and provinces

Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanica)

Pin Cherry

Prunus pensylvanica

Zones 2a–6b · native to 43 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Pink Tickseed (Coreopsis rosea)

Pink Tickseed

Coreopsis rosea

Zones 4a–9b · native to 13 states and provinces

Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6a

Prairie Willow (Salix humilis)

Prairie Willow

Salix humilis

Zones 2a–8b · native to 45 states and provinces

Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 6a

Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Quaking Aspen

Populus tremuloides

Zones 2a–6b · native to 49 states and provinces

Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Red Maple

Acer rubrum

Zones 3a–9b · native to 40 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6a

Red Pine (Pinus resinosa)

Red Pine

Pinus resinosa

Zones 2b–6b · native to 21 states and provinces

River Birch (Betula nigra)

River Birch

Betula nigra

Zones 4a–9a · native to 27 states

Sandbar Willow (Salix interior)

Sandbar Willow

Salix interior

Zones 2a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces

Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6a

Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea)

Scarlet Oak

Quercus coccinea

Zones 4b–9a · native to 27 states

Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens)

Seaside Goldenrod

Solidago sempervirens

Zones 4a–10b · native to 23 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum)

Silver Maple

Acer saccharinum

Zones 3a–9a · native to 40 states and provinces

Sky Blue Aster (Symphyotrichum oolentangiense)

Sky Blue Aster

Symphyotrichum oolentangiense

Zones 3a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces

Blooms Sep – Nov in zone 6a

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

Sugar Maple

Acer saccharum

Zones 3a–8a · native to 42 states and provinces

Sweet Birch (Betula lenta)

Sweet Birch

Betula lenta

Zones 4a–7b · native to 21 states and provinces

Sweet Crabapple (Malus coronaria)

Sweet Crabapple

Malus coronaria

Zones 4a–8a · native to 23 states and provinces

Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata)

Tickseed

Coreopsis lanceolata

Zones 3a–9b · native to 38 states and provinces

Blooms Jun – Sep in zone 6a

Water Birch (Betula occidentalis)

Water Birch

Betula occidentalis

Zones 3a–7b · native to 22 states and provinces

White Oak (Quercus alba)

White Oak

Quercus alba

Zones 3b–8b · native to 38 states and provinces

Wild Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)

Wild Aster

Symphyotrichum pilosum

Zones 4a–8b · native to 40 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Nov in zone 6a

Wreath Goldenrod (Solidago caesia)

Wreath Goldenrod

Solidago caesia

Zones 4a–8b · native to 36 states and provinces

Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

The Keystone Web

How this region's plants, caterpillars, bees, fungi and birds hold together. Pick a species to pull its thread, or add plants to see what your garden would carry.

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The Keystone WebNorthern Forests

Birds & mammals it feeds3

Caterpillars & bees it hosts0

Very few caterpillars use it
Below ground · 10 fungi
Chapter 1 · The plants

Not every native pulls the same weight.

In the Northern Forests, 8 of these 10 plants are keystones: the native genera that feed the most caterpillars and specialist bees. The rest are good plants. These are load-bearing ones.

14%of native plant genera host about 90% of caterpillar species.
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Keystone rankings from the National Wildlife Federation, based on caterpillar host research by Doug Tallamy's lab at the University of Delaware (Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire, 2020) and specialist-bee research by Jarrod Fowler. Ecoregion boundaries: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Level I.