Native plants of the Northern Forests
Spruce, fir, birch and aspen woods of the upper Great Lakes and northern New England, running north into Canada.
An ecoregion groups land by climate, soil and the plants and animals that live there, so its keystone plants are the same from one end to the other, whatever the hardiness zone. 279 plants in the field guide are native here; the 48 below carry most of the caterpillars and specialist bees.
Covers:MichiganNew YorkVermontMinnesotaNew HampshirePennsylvaniaQuebecWisconsinMassachusettsMaineNova ScotiaOntarioNew JerseyConnecticutNewfoundland and LabradorAlbertaManitobaSaskatchewan
Keystone plants · 48
Keystone rankings follow the National Wildlife Federation's list for this region. Every date below moves with your zone.

Alaska Paper Birch
Betula neoalaskana
Zones 2a–6b · native to 7 states and provinces

American Plum
Prunus americana
Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6a

Black Cherry
Prunus serotina
Zones 3a–9a · native to 46 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Black Oak
Quercus velutina
Zones 4b–9a · native to 36 states and provinces

Black-Eyed Susan
Rudbeckia hirta
Zones 3a–9b · native to 50 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Oct in zone 6a

Bog Blueberry
Vaccinium uliginosum
Zones 2a–6b · native to 26 states and provinces
Blooms May – Jun in zone 6a

Boxelder
Acer negundo
Zones 2a–9b · native to 48 states and provinces

Brown-eyed Susan
Rudbeckia triloba
Zones 3a–7b · native to 26 states
Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6a

Bur Oak
Quercus macrocarpa
Zones 3a–8b · native to 34 states and provinces

Calico Aster
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum
Zones 3a–8b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Campfire Rudbeckia
Rudbeckia hirta 'Campfire'
Zones 3a–7b · native to 50 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Oct in zone 6a

Chestnut Oak
Quercus montana
Zones 4b–8a · native to 23 states

Chokecherry
Prunus virginiana
Zones 2a–7b · native to 55 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Curlycup Gumweed
Grindelia squarrosa
Zones 3a–9a · native to 44 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Aug in zone 6a

Eastern White Pine
Pinus strobus
Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces

Field Thistle
Cirsium discolor
Zones 3a–8b · native to 37 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Giant Sunflower
Helianthus giganteus
Zones 3a–8b · native to 32 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Goldenrod
Solidago canadensis
Zones 3a–9a · native to 57 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Gray Alder
Alnus incana
Zones 3a–6b · native to 44 states and provinces

Gray Birch
Betula populifolia
Zones 3a–6b · native to 19 states and provinces

Highbush Blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosum
Zones 4a–7b · native to 34 states and provinces
Blooms May – Aug in zone 6a

Jack Pine
Pinus banksiana
Zones 2a–6a · native to 25 states and provinces

Lodgepole Pine
Pinus contorta
Zones 4a–7b · native to 14 states and provinces

New England Aster
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Zones 3a–8b · native to 44 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Nodding Bur Marigold
Bidens cernua
Zones 3a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces
Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6a

Northern Red Oak
Quercus rubra
Zones 3b–8a · native to 38 states and provinces

Orange Coneflower
Rudbeckia fulgida
Zones 4a–9a · native to 26 states
Blooms Jul – Aug in zone 6a

Paper Birch
Betula papyrifera
Zones 2a–7a · native to 32 states and provinces

Pin Cherry
Prunus pensylvanica
Zones 2a–6b · native to 43 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Pink Tickseed
Coreopsis rosea
Zones 4a–9b · native to 13 states and provinces
Blooms Jul – Sep in zone 6a

Prairie Willow
Salix humilis
Zones 2a–8b · native to 45 states and provinces
Blooms Feb – Apr in zone 6a

Quaking Aspen
Populus tremuloides
Zones 2a–6b · native to 49 states and provinces

Red Maple
Acer rubrum
Zones 3a–9b · native to 40 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6a

Red Pine
Pinus resinosa
Zones 2b–6b · native to 21 states and provinces

River Birch
Betula nigra
Zones 4a–9a · native to 27 states

Sandbar Willow
Salix interior
Zones 2a–9b · native to 57 states and provinces
Blooms Mar – Apr in zone 6a

Scarlet Oak
Quercus coccinea
Zones 4b–9a · native to 27 states

Seaside Goldenrod
Solidago sempervirens
Zones 4a–10b · native to 23 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a

Silver Maple
Acer saccharinum
Zones 3a–9a · native to 40 states and provinces

Sky Blue Aster
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense
Zones 3a–9b · native to 20 states and provinces
Blooms Sep – Nov in zone 6a

Sugar Maple
Acer saccharum
Zones 3a–8a · native to 42 states and provinces

Sweet Birch
Betula lenta
Zones 4a–7b · native to 21 states and provinces

Sweet Crabapple
Malus coronaria
Zones 4a–8a · native to 23 states and provinces
Blooms Apr – May in zone 6a

Tickseed
Coreopsis lanceolata
Zones 3a–9b · native to 38 states and provinces
Blooms Jun – Sep in zone 6a

Water Birch
Betula occidentalis
Zones 3a–7b · native to 22 states and provinces

White Oak
Quercus alba
Zones 3b–8b · native to 38 states and provinces

Wild Aster
Symphyotrichum pilosum
Zones 4a–8b · native to 40 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Nov in zone 6a

Wreath Goldenrod
Solidago caesia
Zones 4a–8b · native to 36 states and provinces
Blooms Aug – Oct in zone 6a
The Keystone Web
How this region's plants, caterpillars, bees, fungi and birds hold together. Pick a species to pull its thread, or add plants to see what your garden would carry.
Birds & mammals it feeds3
Caterpillars & bees it hosts0
Not every native pulls the same weight.
In the Northern Forests, 8 of these 10 plants are keystones: the native genera that feed the most caterpillars and specialist bees. The rest are good plants. These are load-bearing ones.
Insects that depend on them
Keystone rankings from the National Wildlife Federation, based on caterpillar host research by Doug Tallamy's lab at the University of Delaware (Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire, 2020) and specialist-bee research by Jarrod Fowler. Ecoregion boundaries: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Level I.